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aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids
ChemistryCBSEClass 12
AI-generated cheatsheet with key concepts, formulas, and common mistakes — plus audio, MCQs, mind maps & more.
Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Cheat Sheet
Key Definitions
- Aldehyde: Organic compound containing a carbonyl group (
-CHO) at the end of a carbon chain. ✅
- Ketone: Organic compound with a carbonyl group (
C=O) located within a carbon chain. ✅
- Carboxylic Acid: Organic compound containing a carboxyl group (
-COOH). ✅
Important Concepts
Functional Groups
- Carbonyl Group: Present in aldehydes and ketones; highly reactive.
- Carboxyl Group: Characteristic of carboxylic acids; acidic properties.
Reactions
- Aldehydes: Oxidized to carboxylic acids; reduced to alcohols.
- Ketones: Generally resistant to oxidation; can be reduced to alcohols.
- Carboxylic Acids: Can form esters and amides through condensation reactions.
Key Formulas
- Oxidation of Aldehyde:
RCHO + [O] → RCOOH- Reduction of Aldehyde/Ketone:
RCHO + H₂ → RCH₂OH (Aldehyde) RCOR' + H₂ → RCH(OH)R' (Ketone)- Carboxylic Acid to Ester:
RCOOH + R'OH → RCOOR' + H₂OCommon Mistakes to Avoid
Common Mistake: Confusing aldehydes with ketones; remember aldehydes have terminal carbonyls while ketones have internal.
Memory Tricks
Tip: "Aldehyde Ends" — Aldehyde has the carbonyl at the End, while Ketone is in the Middle.
Key Diagrams
Aldehyde: R-CHO
Ketone: R-CO-R'
Carboxylic Acid: R-COOH
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