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aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids

ChemistryCBSEClass 12

AI-generated cheatsheet with key concepts, formulas, and common mistakes — plus audio, MCQs, mind maps & more.

Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Cheat Sheet

Key Definitions


  • Aldehyde: Organic compound containing a carbonyl group (-CHO) at the end of a carbon chain. ✅

  • Ketone: Organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) located within a carbon chain. ✅

  • Carboxylic Acid: Organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH). ✅

Important Concepts

Functional Groups


  • Carbonyl Group: Present in aldehydes and ketones; highly reactive.

  • Carboxyl Group: Characteristic of carboxylic acids; acidic properties.

Reactions


  • Aldehydes: Oxidized to carboxylic acids; reduced to alcohols.

  • Ketones: Generally resistant to oxidation; can be reduced to alcohols.

  • Carboxylic Acids: Can form esters and amides through condensation reactions.

Key Formulas


  • Oxidation of Aldehyde:

RCHO + [O] → RCOOH
  • Reduction of Aldehyde/Ketone:

RCHO + H₂ → RCH₂OH (Aldehyde)
RCOR' + H₂ → RCH(OH)R' (Ketone)
  • Carboxylic Acid to Ester:

RCOOH + R'OH → RCOOR' + H₂O

Common Mistakes to Avoid


Common Mistake: Confusing aldehydes with ketones; remember aldehydes have terminal carbonyls while ketones have internal.

Memory Tricks


Tip: "Aldehyde Ends" — Aldehyde has the carbonyl at the End, while Ketone is in the Middle.

Key Diagrams



Aldehyde: R-CHO
Ketone: R-CO-R'
Carboxylic Acid: R-COOH

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