Natural Science Cheat Sheet

Key Definitions

• Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. ✅

• Energy: The capacity to do work. ✅

• Force: An interaction that changes the motion of an object. ✅

Important Concepts

States of Matter

• Solid: Definite shape and volume. ✅

• Liquid: Definite volume, takes the shape of its container. ✅

• Gas: No definite shape or volume, fills the container. ✅

Laws of Motion

• Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon. ✅

• Newton's Second Law: F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration). ✅

• Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ✅

Key Formulas

• F: Force (N)

• m: Mass (kg)

• a: Acceleration (m/s²)

E = mc²

• E: Energy (J)

• m: Mass (kg)

• c: Speed of light (3 x 10⁸ m/s) ✅

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Common Mistake: Confusing mass with weight; mass is a measure of matter, weight is the force due to gravity. ⚠️

Memory Tricks

Tip: "PEMDAS" — Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction for order of operations.

Key Diagrams

  Solid    Liquid    Gas
+------+  +------+  +------+
|      |  |      |  |      |
|      |  |      |  |      |
+------+  +------+  +------+